How Jesse Owens faced both Jim Crow and Hitler in a sporting environment
Reaching international heights, track and field athlete Jesse Owens would set the world record for long jump that would stand for 25 years. The four gold medals he won at the Olympic Games in Berlin, during the Nazi regime, would bring him many adoring German fans. His victory - along with those of other African American athletes - questioned the Nazi propaganda on Aryan superiority.
Jesse Owens' early life
He was born on 12 September 1913 in Oakville, Alabama as James Cleveland Owens. His family moved to Cleveland, Ohio when he was nine, during a period when more than a million African Americans left the segregated South for better opportunities - part of what is known as the Great Migration.
He had been known as JC until his teacher, when asking his name, thought he said Jesse due to his southern accent. This name would stick with him for the rest of his life.
Owens realised he had a passion for running. He first came to national attention while he was attending East Technical High School in Cleveland. He took part in the National High School Championship of 1933 in Chicago. He matched the world record of the 100 yard dash (91m) in 9.4 seconds and long-jumped 24 feet 9½ inches (7.56 metres).
While attending Ohio State University, under the coaching of Larry Snyder, he won eight National Collegiate Athletic Association championships.
Though successful, he had to live off the campus, eat at Blacks-only restaurants and could only stay at Blacks-only hotels when travelling with his team. He continued to work part-time to pay for his education, as he could not receive any scholarships for track and field because the sport was not well-respected despite his achievements.
Owens set three world records in 1935: for the long jump, the 220 yard (201.2m) sprint and 220 yard low hurdles. He also matched a world record in the 100 yard dash.
Run-up to the 1936 Olympics
In 1931, the International Committee awarded the 1936 Summer Olympics to Berlin. By 1933, Hitler had come to power instituting anti-Semitic policies and remilitarising the government.
Sport, and the upcoming Olympics, were used by the Nazi government as their part of their propaganda drive to promote the Aryan race.
In 1935, athletic groups in the USA pushed for a boycott of the Berlin games. Prominent Jewish-American athletes and Jewish athletes from other countries wanted to boycott the Olympics in protest at the Nazi's oppression of Jews.
Owens was persuaded by the NAACP to vocalise that America should withdraw from the 1936 Olympics due to discrimination against minorities, but it is said that he and others eventually took part due to the president of the American Olympics committee branding those opposing 'un-American agitators'. Some sources also claim that they wanted to prove that Black athletes were not inferior and felt it hypocritical to boycott considering America's own discriminative policies.
Berlin, 1936
Once in Germany, Adi Dassler, the founder of Adidas, persuaded Owens to wear his shoes making the first sponsorship deal for an African-American male athlete.
In Berlin, Germany had the largest national team and captured most of the medals. The Americans, however, were in command of the track and field events.
Jesse Owens became the star of the Berlin 1936 Olympic Games with four gold medals.
He matched the world record for the 100 metre race (10.3 seconds), and broke the world records for the 200 metre race at 20.7 seconds and broad jump (26 feet 5 3/8 inches which is equivalent to around 8 metres). He was applauded by the mostly German crowd and developed a friendship with Luz Long, the German long jumper and silver medalist.
Along with Owens, 17 other African-American athletes were part of the American team. Hitler had been congratulating winners on the first day of the Olympics, though left shortly after African-Americans David Albritton and Cornelius Johnson won the high-jump event.
Due to this incident, the organisers asked Hitler to congratulate all winners or none at all. He chose none, but secretly congratulated German winners in private.
While African-American athletes won 14 medals in total (8 gold, 4 silver and 2 bronze), none received as much recognition as Jesse Owens.
It was easier to tell the story of one African-American because that's an anomaly. But 18, that's a lot for Jim Crow newspapers to want to report on.
Deborah Riley Draper
Owens, along with the other African-American athletes, defied the propaganda that the Nazi regime wanted to sell during the Olympics about Aryan superiority, and so were branded as primitives with stronger physique 'than those of civilised white and hence should be excluded from future games’, Nazi minister Albert Speer wrote on Hitler’s thoughts.
Ironically, Jesse Owens and his African-American teammates were allowed to travel with and stay in the same hotel as white athletes in Germany - back in the United States, they did not have such privileges.
After the Olympics
After the games had ended, the Olympic team was invited to compete in Sweden, but Owens decided he wanted to pursue financial gain by returning to the US to take up endorsement offers.
He had continued to face discrimination throughout his athletic career, having to work to pay his way with no access to scholarships. So, when faced with endorsement opportunities, naturally he took them. This angered the US athletic officials who withdrew his amateur status, ending his career instantly.
Owens had returned to the USA as an international star yet had difficulty in finding work. He was banned from appearing at amateur sporting events to uphold his image and commercial offers disappeared. A few of his African-American teammates entered academia or held elected office, but many struggled to secure stable careers upon returning. For example, silver medallist Mack Robinson once used his Olympic jacket while working as a street sweeper to keep warm.
By the 1950s, Owens started working in public relations and would travel the country and abroad making guest appearances at public events.
When he died in 1980 of lung cancer at the age of 66, the US president Jimmy Carter paid him tribute saying, 'Perhaps no athlete better symbolised the human struggle against tyranny, poverty and racial bigotry'.
Jesse Owens, along with the 17 African-American athletes, two of whom were women, faced both Jim Crow and Hitler in sporting environments. They defied stereotypes, inspiring future Black Olympians. Their victories - along with the boycott debate - brought attention towards racial discrimination in sports.
This blog is part of the Europeana Sport project which showcases cultural treasures relating to sporting heritage in Europe.